AUSTHERM Pty Ltd
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Hazard and Security Analysis Services

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Contents

Chemical Reaction


Austherm are able to predict the energy release and the phase, volume, pressure and aqueous chemistry changes that may result from interactions between chemicals or the interaction between chemicals and the environment. As a consequence we are able to quantitatively evaluate the potential hazards resulting from the above that exist within most processing plants, transport and storage facilities. Austherm have made it their business to collect, or to have access to, the thermochemical and thermophysical data needed to make these predictions.

Austherm are able to evaluate the security sensitivity of pure chemical substances and of mixtures such as might be used for unauthorised purposes specifically terrorist acts.

The chemical reactions investigated by Austherm personnel include prediction of the temperatures achieved by thermite mixtures containing varying proportions of metals and oxides. Austherm is able to assist in obtaining the desired outcome for your welding process.

Other Austherm calculations have involved predicting the energy release and temperatures achieved by mixtures which include chemicals used in common explosives and fertilisers such as nitrates. Austherm is able to predict the mitigation of energy release by the use of additives. The use of additives may reduce the hazard posed by the misuse of fertilisers while still enabling them to be used for their primary purpose.

Other calculations have involved risk analysis of the use of various fluid substances in supercritical fluid extraction. (See below)

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Fracture propagation


Bursting is not the only hazard associated with vessels or pipelines containing fluids under pressure. If a vessel or pipeline is damaged mechanically or by corrosion or has a flaw then the resulting fracture may extend or propagate leading to escape of the fluid at locations some distance from the original location. Fractures may propagate at pressures much lower than are required to cause the vessel or pipeline to burst. The tendency for a fracture to propagate is not only a function of the material of construction but also a function of the properties of the contained fluid. Industries where this is a known problem include all those which transfer fluids under pressure in pipe lines or which operate vessels which contain fluids under pressure. Many designers only consider self-rupture and neglect consideration of proagation of fractures initiated by other causes. Austherm has made it its business to be aware of the fluid properties which may lead to fracture propagation and to be able to predict hazardous situations.

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Supercritical Fluids


While a major hazard associated with supercritcal fluids results from the energy stored in fluids at high pressure, some supercritical fluids may chemically react with materials with which they come in contact. Austherm has made it its business to be able to evaluate the chemical reactivity of supercritical fluid systems and to be able to predict potentially hazardous situations. Austherm is also familiar with techniques for modelling the solubility of subtances in high pressure and super-critical fluids.

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Bibliography


Baldwin,D.A., 1992. "Safety and Environmental Training", Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York

Beasley,M., 1991., "Reliability for Engineers, an Introduction", Macmillan, London

Blanchard,B.S. & Lowery,E.E., 1969. "Maintainability Principles and Practices", McGraw-Hill, New York

Carson,P.A. & Mumford,C.J., 1988. "The Safe Handling of Chemicals in Industry", Longman, New York

Fullwood,R.R., 2000. "Probablistic Safety Assessment in the Chemical and Nuclear Industries", Butterworth-Heinemanns, Boston

Harrison,L., 1995. "Environmental, Health, and Safety Auditing Handbook", 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York

Kletz,T., 1988. "Learning from Accidents in Industry", Butterworths, London

Lees,F.P., 1980. "Loss Prevention in the Process Industries" Vols 1 &2, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford

O'Brien & Gere Engineers Inc, 1988. "Hazardous Waste Site Remediation - The Engineer's Perspective", Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

Otway,H. & Peltu,M., 1985. "Regulating Industrial Risks", Butterworths, London

Rothwell,A.B. and Wadsley,M.W., 1997 "Fracture Propagation Control Measures for Gas Pipelines - Methane", in Rothwell,A.B. Ed., "Fracture Control in Gas Pipelines" Sydney, 3 June, 1997, Welding Technology Institute of Australia, Sydney

Rudge,L.M., 1993. "Casson's Occupational Health and Safety in Australia: A Guide to Sources of Information"

Sherman,J., 1988. "Chemical Exposure and Disease", Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

Urben,P.G., Ed., 1999. "Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards", Vols.1&2, 6th Ed., Butterworths-Heinemanns, Oxford

Wadsley,M.W., Jones,R. and Rothwell,A.B., 1997 "Fracture Control Measures for Rich Gas and Two-Phase Pipelines", in Rothwell,A.B. Ed., "Fracture Control in Gas Pipelines" Sydney, 3 June, 1997, Welding Technology Institute of Australia, Sydney

Wadsley,M.W. and Rothwell,A.B., 1997. "Fracture Control Measures for Pipelines Carrying Other Gases - HVPL, CO2 and Others" in Rothwell,A.B. Ed., "Fracture Control in Gas Pipelines" Sydney, 3 June, 1997, Welding Technology Institute of Australia, Sydney

Wadsley, M.W.,1996 "Fluid Properties and Fracture Propagation", Weiss,G. Ed., Vol.1, pp.165-170, CHEMECA'96, Sydney, October, 1996

Wadsley,M.W., 1996. "Screening Supercritical Fluid Systems for Potentially Hazardous Chemical Reactions", Weiss,G. Ed, Vol.1, CHEMECA'96, Sydney, October, 1996

Withers,J., 1988. "Major Industrial Hazards" Gower, Aldershot

Zui,C.G.,1995. "Handbook of Double Containment Piping Systems", McGraw-Hill, New York


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