The Earth is made up of different layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. The crust is made up of separate tectonic plates that move across the surface.
Every body in the solar system has an albedo, a reflectivity factor which makes some objects easier to see so long as they are bright, even when they are small.
All planets have a natural albedo, and this influences their overall temperature. When there are more clouds, the Earth gets colder as more heat is reflected.
The Van Allen belts are layers of charged particles trapped by the earth's magnetic field, one about 3200 km from the Earth, the other at 15,000 to 19,000 km.
The Moon takes a lunar month, a little more than 29 days, to make one complete passage around the Earth. The Earth's rotation makes it seem much less.
Strictly, the Moon does not in fact orbit the Earth, but the Earth and the Moon both orbit a common point in space which is their combined centre of gravity.
As the Moon works its way around the Earth, relative to the Sun, so we see different parts of the Moon's 'day', from full 'day' to full 'night' and back again.
Meteors are quite common in space. A meteorite is a meteor fragment that reaches the Earth's surface, but most meteors burn up in the atmosphere.
An asteroid striking the earth could cause massive extinctions, as has happened before. The impact would produce clouds of dust that would chill the planet.