Catastrophism was an attempt to give a place to Noah's flood in the shaping of a world believed to be just 6000 years old, but the model is badly flawed.
Occasionally, catastrophic events do shape the Earth, and these include asteroid strikes, volcanic eruptions, polar reversals and sudden changes in climate.
In 1980, Luis and Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen Michel proposed that a giant comet or asteroid may have struck the Earth about 65 million years ago.
This comet, they argued, caused massive extinctions and enriched the iridium in the K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) layer, and in passing, killing all the dinosaurs.
In 1986, a hole in the ozone layer was first reported. In Europe and America, it was dismissed as 'only a threat to a few penguins who sunbake'.