![]() | The compilation 'notitia dignitatum' (Cnd) or The compilation of lists and 89 pictures which begins with the item notitia dignitatum omnium tam civilium quam militarium in partibus orientis and ends with the item ceteri praesides ad similitudinem praesidis dalmatiae officium habent |
![]() | Cnd MAIN PAGE |
| Archetype, codex Spirensis, collectio Spirensis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Archetype
The compilation 'notitia dignitatum' (Cnd) is the graphic entity consisting of lists and 89 pictures, beginning with the list item notitia dignitatum omnium tam civilium quam militarium in partibus orientis and ending with the list item ceteri praesides ad similitudinem praesidis dalmatiae officium habent, that is constructed from all those graphic entities whose contents, from which the Cnd is derived, have sufficient in common to demonstrate that they are independent copies, either direct or indirect, of an absent antecedent graphic entity which is identified as their archetype (α).
The α was contained in a book in the form of a codex . This codex apparently no longer exists, and no fragment of it has yet been certainly identified.
The α is known to have been independently copied several times, both directly and indirectly, between 1427 and 1551. At least nine of these independent copies, of part or all of α, are attested by twelve independent graphic entities .namely,
Six of these twelve graphic entities represent three copies of α: the three watercolour sketches comprising (N) are facsimiles of three sheets which were part of the same codex from which the five parchment sheets comprising (C) were removed; the two-page sheet or folium (F) and the four-page sheet or bifolium (L) are both parchment sheets that were removed from the same codex and used as covering material by a book binder in Frankfurt a.M. after 1629; the imprints (A) and (B) were both derived from the manuscript copy which belonged to the printer Hieronymus Froben at Basel. Accordingly, the twelve independent graphic entities represent the nine independent copies of α: C-N, P, O, F-L, T, V, M, W, A-B.
Excerpts from other independent copies of α exist in the correspondence or commentaries of 16thC writers. Similar documents indicate that additional independent copies were made but neither they, nor any part of their contents, have yet been identified. Codex Spirensis One of the independent copies, (O), exists in a codex which contains a note stating that the contents of this codex preceding that note were copied in 1436 from a codex in a library at Speyer. Another independent copy, (M), exists in a codex prefaced by a note stating that the codex had been sent as a present by the dean and cathedral chapter at Speyer (according to a statement in another document, in June 1550). And the dependent copy, (t) , which is a copy of (T), exists in a codex prefaced by a note stating that its contents were copied in 1529 from a codex in the library of the cathedral chapter at Speyer. The other known and extant independent copies of α cannot be shown to have been copied from a codex which was not derived from the codex which was copied, directly or indirectly, by the three codices claiming to have been copied from a codex at Speyer. It can be concluded, therefore, that the codex which contained α existed in the library of the cathedral chapter at Speyer and, for that reason, this codex is generally referred to as the codex Spirensis (Σ).
But Σ must be distinguished from one or more copies of it which existed together with it in the same library. For example, the codex (M) is known to have existed in the possession of the cathedral chapter for some time before being given away in 1550. And the exemplar of (t), which was identified as a codex in the library of the cathedral chapter, cannot have been the exemplar of the remaining independent copies of the codex Σ.
Moreover, there is evidence that the contents of Σ were revised or changed in some places, between 1427 and 1551, possibly in an attempt to repair progressive physical damage to the codex. Collectio Spirensis The number and sequence of the contents of most of the codices containing a copy of α indicate that the content of Σ comprised a collection of perhaps thirteen separate entities, of which the α was the last and largest, in the following order: |
| [01] | [Cosmographia (or) Cosmographia aethici] (1)
[02] |
[Itinerarium antonini (or) Itinerarium antoni ] (2)
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[03] |
[Septem montes urbis romae] and [De aquarum ductibus romam rigantibus] (3)
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[04] |
Dicuil, Liber de mensura orbis terrae (4) | The archetype of this entity was not contained in Σ and, in both the archetype and in Σ, this entity probably began: Incipit prologus libri de mensura orbis terrae. Post congregatam epistolam de questionibus decim artis grammatice cogitavi ut liber de mensura provintiarum orbis terrae sequeretur [...] and apparently ended: [...] nocte bobus requies largitur fine laboris. [05] |
[Notitia in provinciis galliarum vel gallicanis (or) Annuntiationes provinciarum] (5) | The archetype of this entity was not contained in Σ and probably began: In provinciis gallicanis decem quae civitates sint. Provincia lugdunensis prima civitates n. IIII. Metropolis civitas lugdunensium [...]. . [06] |
[Nomina provinciarum (or) Laterculus Polemii Silvii] (6) | The archetype of this entity was not contained in Σ and probably began: Nomina provinciarum. In italia sedecim. Campania in qua est capua. [...] and apparently ended [...] Valentia. Summa CXII [07] |
[De montibus portis et viis romae] (7) | The archetype of this entity was not contained in Σ and copies of the archetype contain various editions of it. [08] |
[De rebus bellicis] (8) | The archetype of this entity was contained in Σ and probably began: De rebus bellicis praefatio. Caelesti semper instinctu felicis rei publicae vestrae commoditas sacratissimi principes [...] and apparently ended: [...] ubi iustitia profitente discernuntur merita singulorum. . It contained 12 pictures. [09] |
[Disputatio hadriani augusti et epicteti philosophi (or) Altercatio hadriani augusti et epicteti The archetype of this entity was not contained in Σ and copies of the archetype contain various editions of it. [10] |
[Regiones urbis romae (or) De regionibus] (10) The archetype of this entity was not contained in Σ and probably began: Regio I porta capena continet aedem honoris et virtutis [...] and apparently ended: [...] Castra equitum singulariorum peregrinorum ravennatium lecticariorum silicariorum Misenatium tabellariorum victimariorum. Mensae oleariae per totam urbem n.Π.CCC [11] |
[Regiones urbis constantinopolitanae or De regionibus] (14) The archetype of this entity was not contained in Σ and probably began: Praefatio. Saepe litteris dediti, quos pro ingenii facultate latentium rerum cura sollicitat [...] and apparently ended in both Σ and in the archetype: [...] latitudo autem pedum sex milia centum quinquaginta. [12] |
[De gradibus (or) De gradibus cognationum] (15) | The archetype of this entity was not contained in Σ and copies of the archetype contain various editions of it. In Σ this entity probably began: De gradibus. Gradus cognationum appellantur ab eo quod personae cognatorum aliae proximiore aliae longiore gradu sunt et ob id quasi gradatim altera alteram antecedit. [...] and apparently ended: [...] Item sobrini sobrinae, id est qui quaeve ex duobus consobrinis progenerantur. [13] |
[Compilation Notitia .... habent (or) Notitia dignitatum] (16) | The archetype of this entity was contained in Σ and probably began: Notitia dignitatum omnium tam civilium quam militarium in partibus orientis. [...] and apparently ended: [...] Ceteri praesides ad similitudinem praesidis dalmatiae officium habent. It contained 89 pictures. |
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As indicated above, the codex Σ, containing the α of the Cnd, also contained the archetype of Σ(8), the 'de rebus bellicis'
In the codex (O), two entities were added after the end of its copy of the collection [1-13]: namely, (a) Demensuratio prouinciarum que non erat in precedenti codice sed de antiquissimo libro excerpta [...] (17) and (b) [...] Ex gregorio Nazianzeno theologo de VII mundi spectabulis Kyriaci Anconitani brevissima in Latinum expositio ad R.P.d.p. donatum [...] (18) which, as the note to (a) states, did not occur in Σ.
It is not known when or where this collection first comprised the contents of one codex. But it is probable that the codex Σ, which contained the α of the Cnd, was also the codex which first contained this collection of thirteen entities and, for this reason, the collection is generally referred to as the collectio Spirensis.
The collection was created either when the contents of separate codices were copied into one codex, or when formerly separate codices were bound together within one cover, and the evidence suggests that there were two such separate codices whose contents corresponded to Σ(1-7) and Σ(8-13), and that the first of these codices previously combined the contents of two formerly separate codices whose contents corresponded to Σ(1-4) and Σ(5-7).
The division of the content of Σ into into thirteen graphic entities is subjective and other divisions have been proposed.
It should be stated that the purpose of any divison of the constituent parts into which any graphic entity can be divided should be to facilitate reference to those parts in any consideration their content, rather than to prejudge the outcome of such a consideration. It is not the intention, in dividing the contents of Σ into thirteen entities in this description, to introduce any such prejudgement.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Morelli (19) divided the collection into ten parts, comprising our entities [1, 2-3, 4, 5-6, 7, 8, 9, 10-11, 12, 13] and this division into ten opuscula was accepted by Parthey and Pinder (20) who added, however, that this series opusculorum, quae in codice Spirensi continebatur, in duas dividitur partes of which pars I comprised their five opuscula represented by our entities [1-7] and pars II their five opuscula corresponding to our [8-13]. This division was based on the fact that all of the entities [8-13] in the book Σ were accompanied by pictures, whereas entities [1-7] were not. These two conclusions - about the division of the collection into ten opuscula and two partes - were accepted by Pertz (21) and by Grünenwald. (22)
Whereas these writers had divided the collection into ten parts, Böcking concluded that the collection contained eleven Stücke corresponding to our entities [1, 2, 3, 4, 5-6, 7, 8, 9, 10-11, 12, 13] (23) and the same division was adopted by Jordan (24) . Jullian also stated that the collection was to be divided into eleven textes but disagreed with Böcking concerning their identification, describing the eleven textes as those represented by our entities [1, 2-3, 4, 5-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. (25)
Next, the collection was divided into twelve parts, first by Riese (26) who saw twelve opera in our entities [1, 2-3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. The same number, but a different division was proposed by Omont (27) , who described the twelve divers opuscules as [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10-11, 12, 13] and by Bieler, (28) who defined the texts as being [1, 2, 3, 4, 5-6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
Another group divided the collection into thirteen parts, which is the division used in this description: namely, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. This was done by Seeck, (29) who called these entities libelli and partes. This division was subsequently adopted by Mommsen, (30) Sabbadini, (31) Neher, (32) Girard, (33) Valentini and Zucchetti, (34) Nordh, (35) and Thompson. (36)
But Schnabel (37) claimed that the collection comprised fifteen "Schriften" corresponding to our entities [1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. This division of the collection into fifteen entities was subsequently adopted by Lehmann (38) and by Gottardi. (39) Schnabel had also initially accepted the conclusion, reached by Parthey and Pinder, that the entities comprising the collection could be grouped into two larger parts, comprehending the unillustrated entities [1-7] and the illustrated entities [8-12]. But he extended this division by arguing that the earliest codex known to us to have contained the collection [1-13] was Σ and that this comprised drei Teilen corresponding to our entitiess [1-7], [8], [9-11, 13], with [12] added later. (40)
In other words, the complete collection has been seen to be comprised of ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen or fifteen partes, libelli, opera, opuscula, texts, Schriften and Stücke and, within these numbers, the proposed entities are not always the same.
The disagreements about the division of the collection arise because of different identifications of the original compositions or compilations from which the entities in the collection were ultimately derived.
Part of the problem exists in defining what constitutes an original composition and then in distinguishing a composition in which its author intentionally combined previously separate sources into a new form for the first time, from a collection in which previously separate entities were bound together within a single book comprising, for example, a compilation in which the original composition by one author was bound together with, and was modelled upon or designed to complement, an earlier original composition, or a copy of it, by another author.
The identification of the original graphic entity from which each part of the content of Σ was ultimately derived is further complicated by the fact that twelve of the thirteen entities did not indicate exactly, or at all, the title of the original graphic entity from which each was ultimately derived. Moreover, almost all these entities are anonymous and contain no indication of the place or date of the creation of the originals from which they were ultimately derived. Only one of the entities, Σ(4), was derived from an archetype that contained a demonstrable title and the name of the author and the date of the creation of the original composition from which that archetype was ultimately derived.
The process of dividing the collection comprising the contents of the book Σ, on the basis of identifying the originally separate entities from which that collection was ultimately derived, attempts, firstly, to identify the archetype of each entity and then, secondly, to determine whether the archetype of any entity in that collection existed in a book which also contained the archetype, or a copy of it, of any other entity in the collection and, if so, to then speculate on whether the smaller antecedent collections in such books were ultimately copied, either directly or indirectly, from a book in which the original composition of one document was bound together with the original composition, or a copy of it, of the other document.
Some of the problems inherent in the division of the collection comprising the content of Σ into thirteen entities, also extends to the identification of entity Σ(13), the α of the Cnd, as a distinct and single entity within that collection.
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| Notes: | -- |
| (01) | Pertz, K.A.F., De Cosmographia Ethici libri tres. Scripsit Karolus Augustus Fridericus Pertz, (...). (Berolini, sumptibus Friderici Nicolai, MDCCCLIII); |
| (02) | Parthey, G. & Pinder, M., Itinerarium Antonini Augusti et Hierosolymitanum ex libris manu scriptis ediderunt G. Parthey et M. Pinder. (Berlin, Friederich Nicolaus, 1848); |
| (03) | Mommsen, T., Chronica Minora Saec. IV. V. VI. VII. Volumen 1 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, inde ab anno Christi quingentesimo usque ad annum millesimum et quingentesimum, edidit societas aperiendis fontibus rerum germanicarum medii aevi. Auctorum antiquissimorum tomus IX. Chronicorum minorum saec. IV. V. VI. VII vol.1). (Berlin, Weidmann, 1892). (reprint 1961). pp. 545-546; |
| (04) | Parthey, G., Dicuili liber de mensura orbis terrae a Gustavo Parthey recognitus. (Berolini, in aedibus Friderici Nicolai (A. Effert & L. Lindtner), 1870); Tierney, J.J. & Bieler, L., Dicuili Liber de mensura orbis terrae (Scriptores Latini Hiberniae, Vol. VI) (Dublin, Institute for Advanced Studies, 1967) pp. 44-103. |
| (05) | Seeck, O., Notitia Dignitatum accedunt Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et Latercula
prouinciarum (Berlin, 1876) (reimpression Frankfurt a.M., Minerva, 1962) pp. 261-274: Notitia Galliarum; |
| (06) | Seeck (1876) pp. 254-260: Laterculus Polemii Siluii; |
| (07) | Mommsen (1892) pp. x-xi, |
| (08) | Schneider, R., Anonymi de rebus bellicis liber (Text und Erläuterungen (...) mit 10 in den Text gedruckten Abbildungen) (Berlin, Weidmann,1908) pp. 1-24; |
| (09) |
Suchier, W., L'Enfant sage : das Gespräch des Kaisers Hadrian mit dem klugen Kinde Epitus
(die erhaltenen Versionen hrsg. und nach Quellen und Textgeschichte untersucht, von W.
Suchier) (Dresden, Gesellschaft für romanische Literatur 24, 1910); |
| (10) | Preller, L., Die Regionen der Stadt Rom. Nach den besten Handschriften berichtigt und mit einleitenden Abhandlungen und einem Commentare begleitet. (Jena, 1846); |
| (11) | The words additional words [...] | rauennatium | lecticariorum | silicariorum | misenatium | tabellariorum | uictimariorum | mensae oleariae per totam urbem n.Π.CCC | which were not present at the end of entity [10] are also absent from a cognate entity of [10] that was not copied from the book Σ and is contained in the Codex Vindobonensis 162 (mid 9thC.) in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. |
| (12) | (B1552) [Hieronymus Frobenius & Nicolaus Episcopius] | NOTITIA VTRAQVE | CVM ORIENTIS TVM OCCIDENTIS | VLTRA ARCADII HONORIIQVE TEMPORA, | illustre uetustatis monumentum, imò thesaurus prorsum incomparabilis. | PRAEcedit aute(m) D. Andreae Alciati libellus, De magistratib. ciuilibusq(ue) ac | militaribus officijs, partim ex hac ipsa Notitia, partim aliunde desumptus.| CVI succedit descriptio urbis Romae, quae sub titulo Pub. Victoris circum|fertur: & altera urbis Constantinopolitanae incerto autore, nunqua(m) antehac | typis excusa, Imperialium uidelicet ac primariaru(m) sedium utriusq(ue) Reipub. | SVB iungitur Notitijs uetustus liber DE REBVS BELLICIS ad Theo|dosium Aug. & filios eius Arcadium atq(ue) Honorium, ut uidetur, scri|ptus, incerto autore. ITEM, ne quid de antiquo exemplari | omitteretur, Disputatio Adriani Aug. | & Epicteti philosophi. | FROBEN | BASILEAE, M D LII | Cum gratia & priuilegio Imp. Maiest. ad annos quinq(ue) | |
| (13) | (M10291) München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek: CLM 10291 which consists of two previously separate books subsequently bound together: the first book, now folia 1-170, was created before June 1550; the second book, now folia 171-222, was created between June 1550 and December 1551. (Maier, I., The Barberinus and Munich codices of the 'Notitia Dignitatum omnium': Latomus 28 1969 pp. 960-1035. on pp. 995-997 and p.1029 n.1). |
| (14) |
Seeck (1876) pp. 229-243: Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae; |
| (15) | Huschke, P.E., Iurisprudentiae anteiustinianae quae supersunt. In usum maxime academicum composuit, recensuit, adnotauit Ph. Eduardus Huschke. Editio quinta denuo aucta et emendata. (Leipzig, Teubner, 1886) pp.626-632b; |
| (16) | Böcking, E., Notitia dignitatum et administrationum omnium tam ciuilium quam militarium in partibus orientis et occidentis (ad codd. mss. Monachiensium, Romani, Parisiensium ac Vindobonensis editorumque fidem recensuit tabulis ad cod. ms. Biblioth. Reg. Palatin. Monachiens. depictis commentariis indicique illustrauit Eduardus Böcking). (Bonnae, impensis Adolphi Marci, ab A. 1839 usque ad A. 1853). Vol.1 (1839), Vol.2 (1849), Vol.3 (1850), Vol.4 (1853); |
| (17) | The demensuratio has been edited by Riese (1878) pp. 9-14 [Hieronymi presbyteri] Dimensuratio prouinciarum. |
| (18) | Way, A.C., Gregorius Nazianzenus: in Kristeller, P.O. & Cranz (eds.) Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum: Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries. ( ) (Vol.2) pp.61-62 states that Kyriacus translated this poem, which has been ascribed to Gregory Nazianzen, in 1436 and dedicated the translation to Donato in book (0378). But he also dedicated the same translation to Johannes Cornelius in the book: Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana: Ottob. Lat. 2967 (fol.25: De Septem Mundi Spectaculis ex Gregorio Nazianzeno Theologo Kyriaci Anconitani brevissima in Latinum expositio ad Johannem Federigi filium Cornelium Venetum Patricium et egregium virum) and to Federicus Contarenus in the book: Firenze, Biblioteca Ricardiana, 152 [N.III.29] (Ex Gregorio Theologo Sanctissimo de Septem Mundi Spectaculis Kyriaci Anconitani brevissima in Latinum expositio ad Federicum Contarenum Venetum praestantem et Patricium Virum) |
| (19) | Morelli, I., Iacobii Morellii, Bibliothecae Regiae divi Marci Venetiarum custodis, Bibliotheca Manuscripta Graeca et Latini Tomus primus. (Bassani, ex typographia Remondiniana, A. MDCCCII) pp. 370-ff. |
| (20) | Parthey & Pinder (1848) p. xxvii. |
| (21) | Pertz, K.A.F., (1853) p. 65. |
| (22) | Grünenwald, L., Die Speyerer Handschriften des Itinerarium Antonini, der Notitia dignitatum und der römischen Weltkarte des 4ten Jahrhunderts. (Sonderdruck der Palatina, 1906 No.32-39) (Speyer, 1906) pp.20-21. |
| (23) | Böcking, E., Über die Notitia dignitatum utriusque imperii. (Eine Abhandlung zur Literaturgeschichte und Kritik). (Bonn, bei Adolph Marcus, 1834) pp. 20-32 and p.19 n.1. |
| (24) | Jordan (vol.2 1871) p.2. |
| (25) | Jullian, C., Note sur un manuscrit de la Notitia dignitatum: MEFR 1 1881 pp. 286-287. He presumably considered entities [2] and [3[ as one texte since he did not refer to (3] in his list. |
| (26) | Riese (1878) p. xxxv, n.2. |
| (27) | Omont, H., Notitia Dignitatum imperii Romani. Réproduction réduit des 105 miniatures du manuscrit latin 9661 de la Bibliothèque Nationale. (Paris, 1911) pp. 2-3. |
| (28) | Bieler, L., The text tradition of Dicuil's 'Liber de mensura orbis terrae': PRIA 64 no.1 1965 pp. 1-3. |
| (29) | Seeck, O., (1876) p.x. Actually, Seeck numbered fourteen libellos illos diuersissimos, qui in codice Spirensi extabant because he included, as his first item, 1. Picturae eae, quas Böckingius in primis editionis suae foliis describendas curauit.This reference is imprecise. At the beginning of what he entitled Tomus I: Notitia dignitatum in partibus orientis, Böcking printed, on two pages, the two pictures which (O) added at the beginning of its copy of the collection (except that Böcking changed the caption RES PVBLICA ROMANORVM. (O) to RES PVBLICA ROMANA and the caption .DIVVS. AVGVSTVS. PATER. (O) to DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE) while, at the beginning of his Tomus II: Notitia dignitatum in partibus occidentis, Böcking again printed two pictures, reprinting the first of the earlier two pictures, with the caption RES PVBLICA ROMANA, but replacing the second with the picture which, in Σ, prefaced the text of entity (10a) - except that, this time, Böcking omitted the caption: Urbs quae aliquando desolata nunc clariosior piissimo imperio restaurata. (B = gloriosior, M = praeclarior). |
| (30) | Mommsen (1892) pp. 527-529. |
| (31) | Sabbadini, R., Di un nuovo codice della 'Notitia Dignitatum': Rivista di Storia e Geografia (Catania) 1 1901 pp. 26) initially referred to 14 scritti che compongono la collezione dell'archetipo di Spira (but he did not list them) which subsequently became 13 scritti che compongono dell'archetipo di Spira in Di un nuovo codice della 'Notitia Dignitatum' (Spogli Ambrosiani Latini): SIFC 11 1903 p. 261 (again not listed). He did list the 13 opuscoli, but in a very peculiar order, [ 1, 2, 4, 6, 5, 7, 10a, 3, 8, 11, 10b, 12, 9] in his Le scoperte dei codici latini e greci ne'secoli XIV e XV. (2 vols.) (Firenze, G.C. Sansoni, 1905 - 1914) vol.1, pp. 119-120. |
| (31) | Neher, R., Der Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis (Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde einer hohen philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Tübingen) (Tübingen, J. J. Heckenbauer 1911) p. 10. |
| (33) | Girard, P.F., Alciat et la 'Notitia dignitatum': Studi in onore di Silvio Perozzi, (Palermo, 1925) p. 61. |
| (34) | Valentini & Zucchetti (1940) p. 78. |
| (35) | Nordh (1949) pp.6-7. He added (p.24) that Σ could be divided into two parts, [1-11] and [12-13] and that the contents of Σ were copied from two books corresponding to those two parts. |
| (36) | Thompson (1952) pp. 6-7. |
| (37) | Schnabel, P., Der verlorene Speirer Codex des Itinerarium Antonini, der Notitia Dignitatum und anderer Schriften: SPAW (phil.-hist. Klasse) 29 1926 p. 242. |
| (38) | Lehmann (1934) pp. 10-11. |
| (39) | Gottardi, E., Ricerca e illustrazione di codici latini nelle biblioteche di Trento: StudTrent 35 1956 pp. 418-419. |
| (40) | Schnabel (1926) p. 257, stated that part 1 = [1-7] was written after 1000; part 2 = [8] was written after 1100; part 3 = [9-11, 13] was written in Anglo-Saxon script in the 9th century, with [12] added by a later hand on an empty leaf at the end of [11]. |
| -THIS PAGE WAS WRITTEN BY | - | Dr. Ingo Maier | - | AND WAS LAST REVISED ON | ![]() | - | 10 January 2008 | - - - - - |
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