Theology of the body
The art and literature of primitive
Christianity do not shy away from the naked body. They provide us with a
starting point for a more useful Christian theology of the body
Catacomb Frescoes
 |
 |
| Adam and
Eve |
Jonah |
The concept of body was celebrated by primitive
Christians, and although Christianity was focused on the spirit as distinct
from 'the flesh', the experience was of an embodied and not disembodied spirit.
A theology of the body is important once you
understand that in the primitive Chrisitian world
view spirit and body are not mutually exclusive.
And this was certainly
the case before philosophical dualism became the dominant philosophical paradigm
in the West. The dualism of early Christainity was the spirit versus the flesh,
not the spirit versus the body.
It was not until later that the body became
synonymous with the flesh and we see the reintroduction of the shame of the
fall, and a focus on covering for fear of the vices. This seemed to coincide
with a loss of expectation of present experience of a spiritual body and indeed
of a present experience of the Kingdom of heaven.
Christianity was initially seen as a preparation for death
- a preparation for eternity. The idea was to have a spiritual body. This
meant that the fleshly aspects of vices such as lust greed etc were to be
replaced by love and the other virtues. These were associated with the spiritual
body that had been birthed when the new Christian was born again or birthed of
the spirit. The garment of the soul was not flesh but spirit, and Christians
understood themselves clothed with light - clothed
with God, and this light comprising the colours of the rainbow - the Virtues or
fruit of the Holy Spirit.
The idea of the unclad body is something of a celebration
of the victory of the spirit over the flesh in Christ, and return to Eden.
St Cyril of Jerusalem on nakedness and baptism.
The sanctity of the human body
What is there to find fault with in the framing of thy
body? Be master of thyself, and nothing evil shall proceed from any of they
members. Adam was at first without clothing in Paradise with Eve, but it was
not because of his members that he deserved to be cast out.
There is nothing polluted in the human frame except a
man defile this with fornication and adultery.
He who formed Adam formed Eve also, and male and female
were formed by God's hands. None of the members of the body as formed from the
beginning is polluted. Let the mouths of all heretics be stopped who slander
their bodies, or rather Him who formed them. But let us remember Paul's
saying, 'Know ye not that your bodies are the temples of the Holy Ghost which
is in you?'
Ecf 32 But before they took of the fruit, They were both
naked. Adam and Eve, and were not ashamed. For God meant that we should be
thus free from passion, and this is indeed the mark of a mind absolutely void
of passion. Yes, He meant us further to be free from care and to have but one
work to perform, to sing as do the angels, without ceasing or intermission,
the praises of the Creator, and to delight in contemplation of Him and to cast
all our care on Him…….. it seems to me, that, just as man is a creature,
in whom we find both sense and mind blended together, in like manner also
man's most holy temple combines the properties of sense and mind, and has this
twofold expression: for, as we said, the life in the body is spent in the most
divine and lovely region, while the life in the soul is passed in a place far
more sublime and of more surpassing beauty, where God makes His home, and
where He wraps man about as with a glorious garment, and robes him in His
grace, and delights and sustains him like an angel with the sweetest of all
fruits, the contemplation of Himself. Verily it has been fitly named the tree
of life.
A desert Father's vision of Heaven c 500 ad. Ecf 9 the
Narrative of Zosimus concerning the life of the blessed
……. and that place was filled with much fragrance,
and there was no mountain on either hand, but the place was level and flowery,
all crowned with garlands, and all the land beautiful.
IV. And I saw there a naked man sitting, …….. I said
to him, Wherefore art thou naked? He said, How knowest thou that I am naked?
Thou wearest skins of the cattle of the earth, that decay together with thy
body, but look up to the height of heaven and behold of what nature my
clothing is. And looking up into heaven I saw his face as the face of an
angel, and his clothing as lightning, which passes from the east to the west,
and I was greatly afraid, thinking that it was the son of God, and trembled,
falling upon the ground. And giving me his hand he raised me up, saying,
Arise, I also am one of the blessed.
…..
XI. And there is no count of time, neither weeks nor
months nor years, for all our day is one day. In our caves lie the leaves of
trees, and this is our couch under the trees. But we are not naked of body, as
ye wrongly imagine, for we have the garment of immortality and are not ashamed
of each other. At the sixth hour of every day we eat, for the fruit of the
tree
Saint Ignatius of Antioch was one of the earliest post New
Testament Authors. Whilst his authorship of this redaction of the epistle to the
Philipians has been disputed, it was nevertheless of antiquity and was accepted
'as read' in the early church. Speaking generally of the different redactions of
the Epistles of Ignatius, Jaroslav Pelikan wryly notes that opinions as to
legitimacy of specific redactions are often more likely to be related to a
critics theological bias!
Ignatius to Philippians
And how can He be but God, who raises up the dead, sends
away the lame sound of limb, cleanses the lepers, restores sight to the blind,
and either increases or transmutes existing substances, as the five loaves and
the two fishes, and the water which became wine, and who puts to flight thy
whole host by a mere word? And why dost thou abuse the nature of the Virgin, and
style her members disgraceful, since thou didst of old display such in public
processions,(10) and didst order them to be exhibited naked, males in the sight
of females, and females to stir up the unbridled lust of males? But now these
are reckoned by thee disgraceful, and thou pretendest to be full of modesty,
thou spirit of fornication, not knowing that then only anything becomes
disgraceful when it is polluted by wickedness. But when sin is not present, none
of the things that have been created are shameful, none of them evil, but all
very good. But inasmuch as thou art blind, thou revilest these things.
Series 2 v13
shall they fly as doves to their windows.14
In their thoughts they shall not there remember wickedness at all, nor shall
anything of uncleanness arise in their heart. In that place there shall be no
natural desire, for there they shall be weaned from all appetites. There shall
not arise in their heart anger or lasciviousness; also they shall remove from
them all things that gender sins. Fervent in their heart will be the love of
each other; and hatred will not be fixed within them at all. They shall have
no need there to build houses, for they shall abide in light, in the mansions
of the saints. They shall have no need of woven raiment, for they shall be
clothed in eternal light. They shall have no need of food, for they shall
recline at His table and be nurtured for ever.
Methodius - The Banquet of the 10 virgins
"Arise, shine; for thy light is come, and the glory
of the Lord is risen upon thee. For, behold, the darkness shall cover the
earth, and gross darkness the people: but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and
His glory shall be seen upon thee. And the Gentiles shall come to thy light,
and kings to the brightness of thy rising. Lift up thine eyes round about, and
see; all they gather themselves together, they come to thee: thy sons shall
come from far, and thy daughters shall be nursed at thy side." It is the
Church whose children shall come to her with all speed after the resurrection,
running to her from all quarters. She rejoices receiving the light which never
goes down, and clothed with the brightness of the Word as with a robe. For
with what other more precious or honourable ornament was it becoming that the
queen should be adorned, to be led as a Bride to the Lord, when she had
received a garment of light, and therefore was called by the Father? Come,
then, let us go forward in our discourse, and look upon this marvelous woman
as upon virgins prepared for a marriage, pure and undefiled, perfect and
radiating a permanent beauty, wanting nothing of the brightness of light; and
instead of a dress, clothed with light itself; and instead of precious stones,
her head adorned with shining stars. For instead of the clothing which we
have, she had light; and for gold and brilliant stones, she had stars; but
stars not such as those which are set in the invisible heaven, but better and
more resplendent, so that those may rather be considered as their images and
likenesses.
St Ephrem of Syria was one of the notable holy men of the
4th Century AD and wrote mainly in verse. He has also been proclaimed
one of about 30 'Doctors of the Catholic Church'. The pearl is a metaphor of
both the Kingdom and the entrance to the Kingdom (ie the gates to the holy city)
as of course is baptism.
In the ear is the Word, and without it is the pearl. May
you warn the ear, as by the Word of truth - get Wisdom. May you be its
mirror, in your own beauty it shall see the beauty of the Word. In you it will
learn how precious is the Word on High! The ear is the leaf, the flesh is the
tree, and you in the midst of it are a fruit of Light, and to the womb that
brings forth Light, you are a type that points. He used you as a parable of
that kingdom, O pearl! Like He did the virgins that entered into it, five in
number, clothed with the light of their lamps! Those bright ones are like you,
you who are clothed in Light!
You do not hide yourself in your bareness, O pearl!
....... your clothing is your light, your garment is your brightness, O you
that art bare!....... The serpent cannot strip off your glory. In the
mysteries of your type, women are clothed with Light in Eden.
Again, the diver brings up--out of the sea the
pearl.--Be baptized and bring up from the water--purity that therein is
hidden,--the pearl that is set as a jewel--in the crown of the Godhead.
Thee He used as a parable of that kingdom, O pearl! as
He did the virgins that entered into it, five in number, clothed with the
light of their lamps! To thee are those bright ones like, thou that art clad
in light!
Men stripped their clothes off and dived and drew thee
out, pearl! It was not kings that put thee before men, but those naked ones
who were a type of the poor and the fishers and the Galileans.
For clothed bodies were not able to come to thee; they
came that were stript as children; they plunged their bodies and came down to
thee; and thou didst much desire them, and thou didst aid them who thus loved
thee.
Augustine
St Augustine was certainly not one who grasped that the
body had been redeemed. Nevertheless he posited that the shame of nakedness had
to do with the fact that in the pudenda the body become 'excited' without regard
and in effect in rebellion to the lordship of the person. He considered this to
be a punishment for the rational soul being in rebellion to the lordship of God.
He nevertheless saw the body as good and beautiful. The problem lay in the way
we saw, and the corruption that lust had ushered in bringing shame.
"They (Adam and Eve) knew," therefore,
"that they were naked,"--naked of that grace which prevented them
from being ashamed of bodily nakedness while the law of sin offered no
resistance to their mind.
The City of God
If, therefore, of all those members which are exposed to
our view, there is certainly not one in which beauty is sacrificed to utility,
while there are some which serve no purpose but only beauty, I think it can
readily be concluded that in the creation of the human body comeliness was
more regarded than necessity. In truth, necessity is a transitory thing; and
the time is coming when we shall enjoy one another's beauty without any
lust,--a condition which will specially redound to the praise of the Creator,
who, as it is said in the psalm, has "put on praise and
comeliness,"(1)
St Ambrose on Thecla
St Ambrose continued to refer to 'the Acts of Paul and
Thecla' as valid for commentary some 150 years after Tertullian had proclaimed
them as apocryphal (the story inferred a woman could teach and baptise!).
The author of the story describes Thecla, St Pauls alleged
companion led into the Roman Circus naked and at the sight of her 'the Governor
wept and wondered at the power that was in her'. On a second occasion the author
of the story describes her as stripped and then thrown into the arena, where a
lioness runs up to her feet and lies down.
Ambrose sees it this way:-
19. LET, then, holy Mary instruct you in the discipline
of life, and Thecla teach you how to be offered, for she, avoiding nuptial
intercourse, and condemned through her husband's rage, changed even the
disposition of wild beasts by their reverence for virginity. For being made
ready for the wild beasts, when avoiding the gaze of men, she offered her
vital parts to a fierce lion, caused those who had turned away their immodest
looks to turn them back modestly.
The Body as sacrament St Clement of Alexandria Stromata
For, on the other hand, he who in chaste love looks on
beauty, thinks not that the flesh is beautiful, but the spirit, admiring, as I
judge, the body as an image, by whose beauty he transports himself to the
Artist, and to the true beauty; exhibiting the sacred symbol, the bright
impress of righteousness to the angels that wait on the ascension;[7] I mean
the unction of acceptance, the quality of disposition which resides in the
soul that is gladdened by the communication of the Holy Spirit. This glory,
which Shone forth on the face of Moses, the people could not look on.
Wherefore he took a veil for the glory, to those who looked carnally. For
those, who demand toll, detain those who bring in any worldly things, who are
burdened with their own passions. But him that is free of all things which are
subject to duty, and is full of knowledge, and of the righteousness of works,
they pass on with their good wishes, blessing the man with his work. "And
his life shall not fall away"--the leaf of the living tree that is
nourished "by the water-courses."
|